前言:想要寫出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章嗎?我們特意為您整理了5篇過去分詞作狀語范文,相信會(huì)為您的寫作帶來幫助,發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的寫作思路和靈感。
【關(guān)鍵詞】過去分詞 定語 表語 補(bǔ)足語 狀語
【中圖分類號(hào)】G632 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】1006-9682(2011)10-0130-01
一、過去分詞作定語
單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語往往置于被修飾詞的前面,過去分詞短語位于所修飾詞后,作用相當(dāng)于定語從句,表示被動(dòng)和完成。
(2011湖南卷23)The playersfrom the whole country were expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
A.selectingB.to selectC.selectedD.having selected
[解析]本題考查過去分詞作定語,select與主語the players之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如轉(zhuǎn)換成定語從句則為“who were selected from the whole country”,答案為C。
二、過去分詞作表語
過去分詞作表語表示主語所處狀態(tài)。
(2009四川卷4)Ladies and Gentlemen, please remain until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A.seatedB.seatingC.to seatD.seat
[解析]remain為系動(dòng)詞,本題考察過去分詞作表語。seat 此處用法為“be /remain seated”,答案為A。
三、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
第一,作賓補(bǔ)的過去分詞來自及物動(dòng)詞,說明賓語的狀態(tài)和性質(zhì)。此時(shí)它前面的賓語就是其邏輯賓語。
(2011重慶卷33)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himselfof his own dreams.
A.remindingB.to remindC.remindedD.remind
[解析]本題考察過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。賓語himself 與 remind 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,答案為C。
第二,介詞with后有時(shí)跟過去分詞構(gòu)成的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2010山東卷29)The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table alreadyfor a meal to be cooked.
A.laidB.layingC.to layD.being laid
[解析]本題考察過去分詞作賓補(bǔ),構(gòu)成with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。table和lay為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,從already看出動(dòng)作已發(fā)生,答案為A。
四、過去分詞作狀語
過去分詞作狀語,其邏輯主語和句子主語一致,并且為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
第一,過去分詞或其短語作狀語時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨等。
(1)表時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語從句,其前可加連詞when或while。
(2010陜西16)from the top of the tower, the south of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A.SeenB.SeeingC.Having seenD.To seen
[解析]本題考查過去分詞作時(shí)間狀語,主語the south of the mountain與see在邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系??赊D(zhuǎn)換成“When it is seen rom the top of the tower”。
(2)表原因,相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句。
(2009天津卷9)by the advances in the technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A.Being encouragedB.Encouraging
C.Encouraged D.Having encouraged
[解析]本題考查過去分詞作原因狀語,主語many farmers 與encourage是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,“C”表被動(dòng),完成。換成原因狀語從句為“Because they were encioraged by the advances in the techongy”。
(3)表?xiàng)l件,相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句,有時(shí)過去分詞前可用if等詞。
(2010浙江8)The experinment shows that proper amounts of exercise, ifregularly, can improve our health.
A.being carried outB.carring out
C.carried D.to carry out
[解析]本題考查過去分詞,If carried=if it is carried。it與carry out構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,答案為“C”。
(4)表讓步,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though或although 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
(5)表示方式或伴隨。
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
第二,有時(shí)一個(gè)單獨(dú)的過去分詞也可作狀語:
(1)They came back, exhaustered.
(2)在少數(shù)情況下,過去分詞可充當(dāng)連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子。
Provided it is fine tomorrow, I’ll go fishing.
(3)分詞前加邏輯上的主語,構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2007重慶卷25)The children went home from the grammer school, their lessons for the day.
A.finishingB.finished
一、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)
1.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語
(上海春招卷37)___a wet football can hurt your foot if you are not careful.
A.Kicking
B.Kicked
C.Having kicked
D.Kick
解析:答案為A。動(dòng)詞-ing在句中作主語,其邏輯主語泛指人們。
2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語
(北京23)One learns a language by making mistakes and ___them.
A.corrects
B.correct
C.to correct
D.correting
解析:答案為D。分析結(jié)構(gòu)和句意可知,此處的“出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤”和“改正錯(cuò)誤”是并列的,都作介詞by的賓語,故使用動(dòng)名詞形式。
3.動(dòng)名詞-ing形式作定語(動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)
(江西35)John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter___him it.
A.offered
B.offering
C.to offer
D.to be offered
解析:答案為B?,F(xiàn)在分詞短語“offering him it”作后置定語修飾“l(fā)etter”,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句“which offered him it”.
4.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
(四川8)I looked up and noticed a snake ___its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A.to wind
B.wind
C.winding
D.wound
解析:答案為C。此句中考查了notice sb./sth.doing結(jié)構(gòu),意思是“看見某人/某物正在做...”表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。而notice sb./sth.do意思是“看見某人已經(jīng)做過某事,”表示動(dòng)作的全過程。
5.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(現(xiàn)在分詞)
動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞特征與名詞特征?,F(xiàn)在分詞及其短語從表意的角度看也可以作狀語,表時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。其動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前或之后,也可能與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
(1)表原因可反復(fù)在句首或句末。
(重慶23)___to work over time that evening,I missed a wonderful film.
A.Having been asked
B.To ask
C.Having asked
D.To be asked
解析:答案為A。由“missed”一詞及句意可推斷被要求加班的動(dòng)作先于錯(cuò)過電影之前發(fā)生,故選現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式。
(2)表方式或伴隨,多置于句首或句末。
(天津11)He got up late and hurried to his office,___the breakfast untouched.
A.left
B.to leave
C.leaving
D.having left
解析:答案為C。leaving作伴隨狀語。
歸納:使用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語必須保持一致;2.現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作狀語時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞與句中的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,并與句中的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生。
6.現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在分詞可由其獨(dú)立的邏輯主語,其常常是名詞或代詞的主格,置于現(xiàn)在分詞之前,構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。現(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常常用作狀語,置于句首或句末,偶爾也置于句中。如:
(全國(guó)大綱卷28)The party will be held in the garden,weather
.
A.permitting
B.to permit
C.permitted
D.permit
解析:答案為A。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)weather permitting作條件狀語,相當(dāng)于if weather permits.
二、動(dòng)詞的V-ed形式(過去分詞)
1.過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
(四川12)Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car___.
A.washed
B.wash
C.washing
D.to wash
解析:答案為A。此題考查get sth.done結(jié)構(gòu),意為“讓某事被做”。注意,sth.和done之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
2.過去分詞作定語
過去分詞是單詞,常置于其所修飾的名詞之前;過去分詞是短語,則常置于其所修飾的名詞之后,其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如:
(山東35)After completing and signing it,please return the form to us in the envelope___.
A.providing
B.provided
C.having provided
D.provide
解析:答案為B。此處provide與envelop之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故應(yīng)用過去分詞表被動(dòng),作后置定語。
3.過去分詞作狀語
過去分詞從表意的角度看也可以用作狀語,表時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
1)表?xiàng)l件,如:
(上海春季33)Once___,Jo devoted her life to looking after children and being a full-time homemaker.
A.having married
B.being married
C.marrying
D.married
解析:答案為D。據(jù)空前的once可知所填非謂語動(dòng)詞作條件狀語,邏輯主語是句子主語JO;marry通常作及物動(dòng)詞,且常構(gòu)成be married句型。
2)表時(shí)間。強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念時(shí),過去分詞之前可用連詞when/while。
(全國(guó)大綱卷32)Film has a much shorter history,especially when___such art forms as music and painting.
A.having compared to
paring to
pare to pared to
解析:答案為D。此處是連詞when+過去分詞作時(shí)間狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句,即when it is compared to.
三、動(dòng)詞不定式
1.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語
(浙江3)No matter how bright a talker you are,these are times when it's better___silent.
A.remain
B.be remaining
C.having remained D.to remain
解析:答案為D。it是形式上的主語,真正的主語是to remain silent.
2.動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語
不定式在句中作賓語,其邏輯主語同時(shí)是句子的主語。
(安徽24)I remembered___the door before I left the office,but forgot to tern off the lights.
A.locking
B.to lock
C.having locked
D.to have locked
解析:答案為B。remember doing/having done意為“記得做過某事”;remember to do sth意為“記得要去做某事”。由句意知門沒有鎖上,燈也沒關(guān)。
3.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語
不定式作定語,通常皆放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如:
(重慶28)We're having a meeting in half an hour.The decision
at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A.to be made
B.being made
C.made
D.having been made
解析:答案為A。不定式短語表示將要做的事。又因decision與make之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選A。
4.動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語
動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果和條件。
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語。
(北京32)Bird's singing is sometimes a warning to other birds___away.
A.to stay
B.staying
C.stayed
D.stay
解析:答案為A。other birds與stay之間是主謂關(guān)系,表將要走開離開,因此需使用不定式表目的。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語。如:
(四川6)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only___his plane high up in the sky.
A.finding
B.to find
C.being found
非謂語動(dòng)詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動(dòng)詞,主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,即動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動(dòng)詞除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語外,可以充當(dāng)句子的其他多種成分。
考點(diǎn)一:非謂語動(dòng)詞做主語
主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物,能做主語的有動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞。
【真題再現(xiàn)】
[2014?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I]It took years of work 65 (reduce)industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析:考查It takes some time to do sth. 句式。其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是后面的to do sth,故用to reduce。
考點(diǎn)二:非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語
賓語是指一個(gè)動(dòng)作(動(dòng)詞)的承受者,常置于動(dòng)詞之后,也可置于介詞之后構(gòu)成介賓短語。動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞皆可用作賓語。常接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞有:avoid,miss,put off,advise,finish,practise,enjoy,imagine,can’t help,admit,deny,envy escape,risk,excuse,stand,keep,mind等(記憶口訣:避免錯(cuò)過少延期,建議完成多練習(xí)。喜歡想象禁不住,承認(rèn)否定與嫉妒。逃避冒險(xiǎn)莫原諒,忍受保持不介意)。常接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有:agree,ask,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish等。
【真題再現(xiàn)】
[2014?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ] One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about 61 (be) late for school.
解析:about是介詞,其后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介賓短語,故填being。
[2014?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ] I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused 66 (stop) until we reached the next stop.
解析:此題考查refuse to do sth.這一用法,故填不定式to stop做賓語。
[2014?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ]Still,the boy kept 67 (ride).
解析:此空考查keep doing的固定搭配,現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語,故填riding。
[2015?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ] In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition”a house without 44 (use) electric equipment.
解析:此題考查介詞后面接動(dòng)名詞做賓語即介賓短語,故without后填use的動(dòng)名詞形式using。
考點(diǎn)三:非謂語動(dòng)詞做表語
不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞均可用做表語。過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài),而現(xiàn)在分詞作表語則表示主語所具有的特征。動(dòng)名詞作表語表示主語的具體內(nèi)容時(shí),主語和表語可以互換。
【真題再現(xiàn)】
[2014?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ] There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and
63 (disappoint).
解析:此處是and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu),一起置于系動(dòng)詞look后做表語,同時(shí)又是修飾人,故填disappointed。
考點(diǎn)四:非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語
能作定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞有to do,doing,to be done,being done,done五種。當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞與被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用to do或doing作定語,表示將來或未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用to do,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作用doing;當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞與被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),則用to do/to be done,being done或done做定語。需要注意的是,to do和to be done做定語表示被動(dòng)時(shí),如果句子中某一成分是該不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者,則選用to do;如果句子中沒有該不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者,則用to be done做定語。
【真題再現(xiàn)】
[2014?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I]While there are 68 (amaze) stories of instant transformation...
解析:此空充當(dāng)定語修飾后面的名詞stories,表示“令人驚嘆”之意,故用amazing。
[2015?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I] A study of travelers 68 (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析:此句的謂語動(dòng)詞是names。study與conduct之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又由by可知,此處該用表示被動(dòng)的過去分詞形式充當(dāng)后置定語,故用conducted。
[2015?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I]Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 70 (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析:由于live與其所修飾的名詞 people之間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用表示主動(dòng)意義的現(xiàn)在分詞形式living來充當(dāng)后置定語。
[2015?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ]The adobe dwellings(土坯房)
41 (build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
解析:此題與2015全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I的第68空類似。dwellings和build之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故填built作定語。
考點(diǎn)五:非謂語動(dòng)詞做狀語
能做狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞有to do,doing,having done,done,having been done等。To do,doing和having done與句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,而done、having been done與句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。To do位于句首時(shí)常作目的狀語,位于句尾時(shí)常用作目的、結(jié)果、原因狀語等,而only to do常表示與預(yù)料中的情況不一致或相反的結(jié)果;doing放在句首時(shí)常作時(shí)間、條件、原因狀語等,位于句尾時(shí)常用作伴隨、方式狀語,也可作結(jié)果狀語,表示自然而然的結(jié)果;當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作時(shí)間發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作時(shí)間之前時(shí)要用having done;done構(gòu)成的短語作狀語放在句首時(shí)常表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等,位于句末時(shí)表示對(duì)前面的情況進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明;而having been done則表示非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。
【真題再現(xiàn)】
[2015?全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ]When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 46 (cool)the house during the hot day.
解析:“形容詞+enough+動(dòng)詞不定式”為一常用句式,此處不定式to do 充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語,所以該處填to cool。
考點(diǎn)六:非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語
現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞和不定式皆能充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語。常接帶to不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞(詞組)有want,warn,wait for,ask,tell,cause,call on,help,get,like,order,beg,allow,long for,forbid,force,advise,know,encourage,teach,invite,permit,persuade等。常接無to不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞(詞組)有:watch,observe,see,look at,make,let,have,hear,overhear,listen to,notice,feel,discover等。我們可以用口訣來幫助記憶:四看、三讓、三聽、一注意、一感覺、一發(fā)現(xiàn)。
【真題再現(xiàn)】
[2015?浙江卷]Listening to music at home is one thing,going to hear it ______ (perform) live is quite another.
解析:hear sb./sth. doing 表聽到某人某物做某事。由于音樂是被演奏的,所以需要用被動(dòng)形式,但句子已有謂語動(dòng)詞is,故填非謂語being performed,做賓語補(bǔ)足語。
[2015?陜西卷]Back from his two-year medical service in Africa,Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ______ (take)good care of at home.
解析:句子的賓語his mother和take care of是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用動(dòng)詞的過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語,應(yīng)填taken。
考點(diǎn)七:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動(dòng)詞
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞或代詞加上分詞短語構(gòu)成,在句中作狀語,用于修飾整個(gè)句子。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的非謂語動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。需特別注意的是,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能用并列連詞和從句引導(dǎo)詞連接,二者常用逗號(hào)隔開。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語從句,但不能轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞短語作狀語,因?yàn)樗鼉?nèi)部動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致?!皐ith +名詞+非謂語動(dòng)詞”也屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在做這類題目時(shí)一定要小心判斷,不能粗心大意。
【真題再現(xiàn)】
因全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷的語法填空部分沒有出現(xiàn)此類填空,故借用他省高考真題。
[2015?江蘇卷]Much time______ (spend) sitting at a desk,office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
解析:句子的主語是office workers,謂語是are troubled,但spend的邏輯主語卻是time,故此題是考查獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),time與spend之間是一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故空格處用過去分詞表被動(dòng),填spent。
4. Ignoring 句子的謂語動(dòng)詞為will be,缺少主語。ignore的邏輯主語是you,兩者是主謂關(guān)系,在此用動(dòng)名詞作主語,故填I(lǐng)gnoring。
5. promoted 因promote的邏輯主語為Henry,且兩者之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故應(yīng)使用promoted。
6. watching 作定語,說明人們?cè)谧鍪裁矗c前面的people構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。
7. to be solved 根據(jù)題干信息,非謂語動(dòng)詞在這里作定語,限定problem表示“要去解決的問題”。根據(jù)非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語的規(guī)則:現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和正在發(fā)生;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成;不定式表示將要發(fā)生。所以填to be solved。
8. carrying 此處airplane和carry之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞carrying作定語。
9. Having spent 主語Linda和動(dòng)詞spend之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,并且spend的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在appear動(dòng)作之前,故使用doing形式的完成式作狀語,故填Having spent。
10. connected 因(be)connected with是固定短語,意為“與……保持聯(lián)系、聯(lián)絡(luò)”,stay可以用作系動(dòng)詞,connected可以看作表示狀態(tài)的形容詞,用作表語。
11. staring 作伴隨狀語,與隱含的主語(說話人)構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
12. To free 位于句首表示目的,須用動(dòng)詞不定式來充當(dāng)目的狀語,故填To free。
13. having been given 分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知,該句為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),空白處作狀語,lecture和give之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,并表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,故填having been given。
14. Having spent 因spend與we之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,spend這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在afford之前,故應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式,即Having spent。
15. saying 句子的主干是there’s a note,pinned to是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾note。say與note是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,修飾note。故填saying。
16. developed 此處是非謂語動(dòng)詞作感官動(dòng)詞see的賓語補(bǔ)足語,develop與賓語products為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故使用過去分詞developed。
17. written 句子的主語the book與write之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,再根據(jù)句意,學(xué)生受到了激發(fā),可知write動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,故填written作狀語。
二、種類:動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞
三、用法:
1.動(dòng)詞不定式
(1)基本形式:to+動(dòng)詞原形(在某些情況下可以不帶to)
(2)特點(diǎn):
①動(dòng)詞不定式(或不定式短語)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
②可以有自己的賓語和狀語。
③可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化
a.一般式:
主動(dòng)語態(tài):to do
被動(dòng)語態(tài):to be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞
表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),與句中謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生的。
b.進(jìn)行式:
主動(dòng)語態(tài):to be doing
被動(dòng)語態(tài):無
表示在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
c.完成式:
主動(dòng)語態(tài):to have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞
被動(dòng)語態(tài):to have been+動(dòng)詞過去分詞表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前的動(dòng)作。
(3)用法:
①作主語:
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
=It's not easy to learn a foreign language.
學(xué)習(xí)一門外語不容易
注意:不定式在句子中作主語時(shí),如不定式主語太長(zhǎng),常用it作形式主語,而將不定式后置,除動(dòng)詞be外,動(dòng)詞take、cost、make等也可用于上述結(jié)構(gòu)。
②作表語:
The important thing is to finish the work on time.重要的是按時(shí)完成工作。
注意:不定式放在be和其它系動(dòng)詞后,用來說明主語的內(nèi)容,同時(shí)特殊疑問詞與不定式連用也可以做表語。
③作賓語:
a.動(dòng)詞+to do
有以上結(jié)構(gòu)的常用動(dòng)詞:agree,choose,decide,fail,hope,wish,want,learn,forget,remember,like,love,happen,hate,plan,need,try,begin,start,refuse,promise,manage,afford,offer等。
b.動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to do
c.動(dòng)詞+形式賓語(it)+賓補(bǔ)+to do
I find it important to learn a second foreign language. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好二外很重要。
④作補(bǔ)語:
a.動(dòng)詞+賓語+to do
Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary. 李梅讓我把新詞典給她看看。
注:有以上結(jié)構(gòu)的常用動(dòng)詞有:tell,wish,ask,want,like,beg,invite,permit,warn,allow,advise,encourage等。
b.動(dòng)詞+賓語+不帶to的動(dòng)詞
常用動(dòng)詞是:
感官動(dòng)詞:see,hear,feel,watch,notice
使役動(dòng)詞:have,make,let
⑤作狀語:a:表示目的b:表示結(jié)果c:表示原因
注意:不定式表示目的,可用in order to,so as to換用;表示結(jié)果,可用too…to…或形容詞/副詞+enough+to do進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
⑥作定語(必須后置)
(4)動(dòng)詞不定式to的省略
①在感官動(dòng)詞feel,hear,see,watch,notice及使役動(dòng)詞have,let,make等后面復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞不定式可省略to,但在變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),要加上to.
②had better,would rather,do nothing but等后面常省略to.
(5)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式:not+to do,有時(shí)也可以用:never+to do結(jié)構(gòu)
2.動(dòng)名詞
(1)特征:動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成,具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。
(2)語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化
a.動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,或在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。
b.動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。
(3)用法
①作主語:
Picking apples is much better than having classes. 摘蘋果也比上課好的多。
注意:①動(dòng)名詞作主語如果太長(zhǎng),也可以用形式主語it代替。
如:It's so nice talking with her.
②No+動(dòng)名詞表示“禁止”。
如:No smoking.禁止吸煙。
No parking.禁止停車。
②作賓語:
a.只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞有:finish,mind,suggest,practice,enjoy,advise等
b.既可接動(dòng)名詞又可接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有:begin,start,like,prefer,love,hate等
①區(qū)別:后接動(dòng)名詞表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作,后接不定式表示具體的特定動(dòng)作。
②下列動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不相同,常用動(dòng)詞有七個(gè):remember,forget,stop,go on,try,mean,regret
③作表語:His favourite sport is playing basketball. 他所喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)是打籃球。
④作定語:shopping basket購(gòu)物籃
finishing line終點(diǎn)線
⑤動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):就是在動(dòng)名詞前加上其邏輯主語,其形式為:
名詞所有格
形容詞性物主代詞
⑥動(dòng)名詞習(xí)慣用語:
(1)It's no use doing sth. …是沒有用的。
(2)Can't help doing sth. 禁不住做某事。
(3)feel like doing sth.想要…
(4)be busy doing sth.忙于做某事。
(5)No doing禁止…
(6)need doing sth.需要…
3.分詞
(1)構(gòu)成:現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞
(2)特點(diǎn):具有形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞的特征,現(xiàn)在分詞可以帶狀語或賓語,過去分詞可以帶狀語;構(gòu)成分詞短語,分詞或分詞短語在句中可以作定語、表語、補(bǔ)語或狀語。
A:現(xiàn)在分詞
①形式:
一般式:表示現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
完成式:表示分詞的動(dòng)作在句中謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前發(fā)生。
②用法:
a.作表語:The result is surprising.
結(jié)果是令人吃驚的。
注意:現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞。
b.作定語:developing country
發(fā)展中國(guó)家
注意:現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時(shí),則一般放在所修飾的名詞后面。
c.作狀語:Passing by the house,he saw a girl playing the piano.=When he was passing by the house,he saw a girl playing the piano.他經(jīng)過那所房子時(shí),看見一個(gè)女孩在彈鋼琴。
(時(shí)間)
注意:①分詞或分詞短語可以作狀語,表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、行為方式、伴隨情況等。
②表示時(shí)間、原因、條件的分詞或分詞短語相當(dāng)于對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語從句。
d.作賓補(bǔ):I found him lying on the glass.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在草地上。
注意:現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)通常用于句型S+V+O+C,可以帶現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:see,hear,feel,notice,find,watch,smell,look at,listen to,have,get,keep,catch,leave,set等。
e.現(xiàn)在分詞的否定形式“not+V-ing”
Not understanding the meaning of the words,he couldn't explain the sentence.不明白單詞的意思,他無法解釋這個(gè)句子。
B:過去分詞
①形式:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞加“ed"和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式。
②用法:
a.作表語:
b.作定語:
developed country發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
fallen leaves落葉
spoken English英語口語
注意:單個(gè)的過去分詞通常放在所修飾的名詞前面;過去分詞短語通常放在所修飾的名詞后面。
c.作狀語:
Asked why he was absent,he said he was ill.=When he was asked why he was absent,he said he was ill.
問他為什么遲到,他說他病了。(時(shí)間)
d.作賓補(bǔ):
You'd better have your shoes mended.
你最好把你的鞋修一下。
一、 to do,doing與done作狀語的區(qū)別
to do一般作目的狀語或結(jié)果狀語。doing作狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語,這時(shí)該動(dòng)詞與句子的主語之間往往存在主謂關(guān)系。done作狀語時(shí),其邏輯主語通常就是句子的主語,且過去分詞與主語之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
比較下面兩個(gè)句子:
1. ______(see)from the hill,we find the park even more beautiful.
2. ______(see)from the hill,the park looks even more beautiful.
分析:句1中see的邏輯主語為we,與之為主謂關(guān)系,因此填“Seeing”。句2中see的邏輯主語為the park,與之為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此填“Seen”。
(2012年高考四川卷)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only ______ his plane high up in the sky.
A. finding B. to find
C. being found D. to have found
分析:句中不定式作結(jié)果狀語,表示意料之外的結(jié)果,且find與邏輯主語Tom之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,選B。
(2012年高考天津卷)He got up late and hurried to his office,______ the breakfast untouched.
A. left B. to leave
C. leaving D. having left
分析:現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語,表示自然而然的結(jié)果,選C。
(2006年高考廣東卷)No matter how frequently ______,the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing
C. to be performed D. being performed
分析:逗號(hào)前為省略用法,補(bǔ)充完整后為“No matter how frequently the works of Beethoven are performed”。performed作狀語,其邏輯主語為the works of Beethoven,兩者之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,選A。
二、doing與having done作狀語的區(qū)別
主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作與非謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)進(jìn)行,不分先后時(shí)用一般式doing。當(dāng)主句的動(dòng)作與非謂語的動(dòng)作有明顯先后順序時(shí),如果非謂語的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在前,那么非謂語動(dòng)詞就要用完成式having done。
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式(being done)表示“正在被……”,一般不作狀語,只作定語?,F(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,一般只作狀語。
1. They went to the park,______(sing and talk).
2. ______(live)in this city for three years,she knows it very well.
分析:句1中的sing and talk作伴隨狀語,與主句謂語went動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,因此填“singing and talking”。句2中的動(dòng)作live發(fā)生在knows之前,因此填“Having lived”。
(2008年高考重慶卷)______ to reach them on the phone,we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed
C. To fail D. Having failed
分析:根據(jù)句意可知,“沒有打通電話”應(yīng)該發(fā)生在“發(fā)郵件”之前,因此用having done,選D。
(2012年高考重慶卷)______ to work overtime that evening,I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked D. To be asked
分析:句中ask與邏輯主語I之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,且ask to work動(dòng)作發(fā)生在missed之前,選A。
三、to do,doing和done作定語的區(qū)別
非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語時(shí),表示將來用to do,表示正在進(jìn)行用doing,表示已經(jīng)完成用done。
(2008年高考湖南卷)The trees ______ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down
C. blowing down D. to blow down
分析:根據(jù)句意“被暴風(fēng)雨刮倒的樹已經(jīng)從路上移走了”,樹被刮倒是過去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,表示已經(jīng)完成用過去分詞,選B。
(2012年高考重慶卷)We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A. to be made B. being made
C. made D. having been made
分析:根據(jù)句意“在會(huì)上將會(huì)被作的決定”可知,決定還未作出,用不定式的被動(dòng)式作定語,選A。
(2011年高考江蘇卷)Recently a survey ______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A. compared B. comparing
C. compares D. being compared
分析:句意為“最近一項(xiàng)調(diào)查引起了市民的激烈討論,該調(diào)查是比較在兩個(gè)不同超市里的相同商品的價(jià)格”。prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets是用來修飾survey的,作后置定語。由于prices作compare的賓語,是主動(dòng)形式,所以選B。
四、done和doing作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別
過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),句中的賓語往往就是其邏輯主語,該動(dòng)詞與賓語之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系?,F(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),句中的賓語往往就是其邏輯主語,該動(dòng)詞與賓語之間存在主謂關(guān)系。
(2012年高考四川卷)I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound
分析:此題考查notice后帶賓語補(bǔ)足語,結(jié)合句意“看見一條蛇正在爬”,選C。
(2011年高考陜西卷)Claire had her luggage ______ an hour before her plane left.
A. check B. checking
C. to check D. checked
分析:句意為“克萊爾在登機(jī)前一小時(shí)讓她攜帶的行李接受了檢查”。have sth. done意為“讓……被做”。邏輯主語是her luggage,與check是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,選D。
五、to do,doing與done 在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別
在此結(jié)構(gòu)中,主要看with后的賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語之間的關(guān)系。doing表示主動(dòng),done表示被動(dòng),to do表示將來。
(2012年高考遼寧卷)The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog ______ them.
A. to follow B. following
C. followed D. follows
分析:賓語their pet與follow之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,選B。
With a lot of problems ______,the principal decided to hold a meeting to have a thorough discussion about them.
A. solving B. solved
C. to solve D. will be solved
分析:根據(jù)句意可知,很多問題尚未解決,“with+賓語+不定式”表示事情還沒做,選C。
With your work ______,you can have a break.
A. finished B. to finish