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美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)吉米·卡特贏得2002年度諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)。諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)?lì)C發(fā)給吉米·卡特是為了表彰他為尋求和平解決國(guó)際沖突所作出的不懈努力。他在領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)時(shí)抨擊美國(guó)對(duì)伊拉克的政策，并警告所謂的預(yù)防性戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)可能具有“災(zāi)難性”的后果。

據(jù)香港文匯報(bào)引述路透社報(bào)道，卡特在奧斯陸接受諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)的講話中說(shuō)：“強(qiáng)國(guó)采取預(yù)防性戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的原則可能樹(shù)立了一個(gè)可引致災(zāi)難性后果的榜樣?！?/p>

卡特指出，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)永遠(yuǎn)是邪惡的，雖然有時(shí)可能是必需的壞事。他強(qiáng)調(diào)“不應(yīng)通過(guò)互相殺害來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)如何和平共處”。

卡特說(shuō)：“我們必須記住，現(xiàn)今地球上有至少八個(gè)核武強(qiáng)國(guó)，其中三個(gè)正在國(guó)際關(guān)系緊張的地區(qū)威脅鄰國(guó)。”

但卡特亦說(shuō)，伊拉克必須“全面遵守(聯(lián)合國(guó))安理會(huì)的一致決定，廢除所有大殺傷力武器，并準(zhǔn)許檢查員暢通無(wú)阻地進(jìn)入各地點(diǎn)，以證實(shí)伊拉克遵守承諾”。

卡特亦呼吁國(guó)際社會(huì)接受聯(lián)合國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，以尋求和平及縮窄貧富懸殊，并稱戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)永遠(yuǎn)是邪惡的。

卡特說(shuō)，踏入新的千禧年，全球在許多方面變得更危險(xiǎn)，恐怖主義和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)取代了二十世紀(jì)的冷戰(zhàn)。他說(shuō)：“必須以和平配合強(qiáng)大的國(guó)際聯(lián)盟和共識(shí)來(lái)對(duì)付全球的挑戰(zhàn)。這最好是透過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)來(lái)進(jìn)行，雖然它未必完美?！?/p>

YourMajesties,MembersoftheNorwegianNobelCommittee,Excellencies,LadiesandGentlemen:

ItiswithadeepsenseofgratitudethatIacceptthisprize.IamgratefultomywifeRosalynn,tomycolleaguesatTheCarterCenter,andtomanyotherswhocontinuetoseekanendtoviolenceandsufferingthroughouttheworld.ThescopeandcharacterofourCenter''''sactivitiesareperhapsunique,butinmanyotherwaystheyaretypicaloftheworkbeingdonebymanyhundredsofnongovernmentalorganizationsthatstriveforhumanrightsandpeace.

MostNobellaureateshavecarriedoutourworkinsafety,butthereareotherswhohaveactedwithgreatpersonalcourage.Nonehasprovidedmorevividremindersofthedangersofpeacemakingthantwoofmyfriends,AnwarSadatandYitzhakRabin,whogavetheirlivesforthecauseofpeaceintheMiddleEast.

Likethesetwoheroes,myfirstchosencareerwasinthemilitary,asasubmarineofficer.MyshipmatesandIrealizedthatwehadtobereadytofightifcombatwasforceduponus,andwewerepreparedtogiveourlivestodefendournationanditsprinciples.Atthesametime,wealwaysprayedferventlythatourreadinesswouldensurethattherewouldbenowar.

Later,aspresidentandasCommander-in-Chiefofourarmedforces,IwasoneofthosewhoborethesoberingresponsibilityofmaintainingglobalstabilityduringtheheightoftheColdWar,astheworld''''stwosuperpowersconfrontedeachother.Bothsidesunderstoodthatanunresolvedpoliticalaltercationoraseriousmisjudgmentcouldleadtoanuclearholocaust.InWashingtonandinMoscow,weknewthatwewouldhavelessthanahalfhourtorespondafterwelearnedthatintercontinentalmissileshadbeenlaunchedagainstus.Therehadtobeaconstantanddelicatebalancingofourgreatmilitarystrengthwithaggressivediplomacy,alwaysseekingtobuildfriendshipswithothernations,largeandsmall,thatsharedacommoncause.

Inthosedays,thenuclearandconventionalarmamentsoftheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionwerealmostequal,butdemocracyultimatelyprevailedbecauseofcommitmentstofreedomandhumanrights,notonlybypeopleinmycountryandthoseofourallies,butintheformerSovietempireaswell.Aspresident,IextendedmypublicsupportandencouragementtoAndreiSakharov,who,althoughdeniedtherighttoattendtheceremony,washonoredhereforhispersonalcommitmentstothesesameideals.

TheworldhaschangedgreatlysinceIlefttheWhiteHouse.Nowthereisonlyonesuperpower,withunprecedentedmilitaryandeconomicstrength.ThecomingbudgetforAmericanarmamentswillbegreaterthanthoseofthenextfifteennationscombined,andtherearetroopsfromtheUnitedStatesinmanycountriesthroughouttheworld.Ourgrossnationaleconomyexceedsthatofthethreecountriesthatfollowus,andournation''''svoicemostoftenprevailsasdecisionsaremadeconcerningtrade,humanitarianassistance,andtheallocationofglobalwealth.Thisdominantstatusisunlikelytochangeinourlifetimes.

GreatAmericanpowerandresponsibilityarenotunprecedented,andhavebeenusedwithrestraintandgreatbenefitinthepast.Wehavenotassumedthatsuperstrengthguaranteessuperwisdom,andwehaveconsistentlyreachedouttotheinternationalcommunitytoensurethatourownpowerandinfluencearetemperedbythebestcommonjudgment.

Withinourcountry,ultimatedecisionsaremadethroughdemocraticmeans,whichtendtomoderateradicalorill-advisedproposals.Constrainedandinspiredbyhistoricconstitutionalprinciples,ournationhasendeavoredformorethantwohundredyearstofollowthenowalmostuniversalidealsoffreedom,humanrights,andjusticeforall.

Ourpresident,WoodrowWilson,washonoredhereforpromotingtheLeagueofNations,whosetwobasicconceptswereprofoundlyimportant:"collectivesecurity"and"self-determination."Nowtheyareembeddedininternationallaw.Violationsofthesepremisesduringthelasthalf-centuryhavebeentragicfailures,aswasvividlydemonstratedwhentheSovietUnionattemptedtoconquerAfghanistanandwhenIraqinvadedKuwait.

Afterthesecondworldwar,AmericanSecretaryofStateCordellHullreceivedthisprizeforhisroleinfoundingtheUnitedNations.Hissuccessor,GeneralGeorgeC.Marshall,wasrecognizedbecauseofhiseffortstohelprebuildEurope,withoutexcludingthevanquishednationsofItalyandGermany.Thiswasahistoricexampleofrespectinghumanrightsattheinternationallevel.

Ladiesandgentlemen:

Twelveyearsago,PresidentMikhailGorbachevreceivedyourrecognitionforhispreeminentroleinendingtheColdWarthathadlastedfiftyyears.

Butinsteadofenteringamillenniumofpeace,theworldisnow,inmanyways,amoredangerousplace.Thegreatereaseoftravelandcommunicationhasnotbeenmatchedbyequalunderstandingandmutualrespect.Thereisaplethoraofcivilwars,unrestrainedbyrulesoftheGenevaConvention,withinwhichanoverwhelmingportionofthecasualtiesareunarmedcivilianswhohavenoabilitytodefendthemselves.Andrecentappallingactsofterrorismhaveremindedusthatnonations,evensuperpowers,areinvulnerable.

Itisclearthatglobalchallengesmustbemetwithanemphasisonpeace,inharmonywithothers,withstrongalliancesandinternationalconsensus.Imperfectasitmaybe,thereisnodoubtthatthiscanbestbedonethroughtheUnitedNations,whichRalphBunchedescribedhereinthissameforumasexhibitinga"fortunateflexibility"-notmerelytopreservepeacebutalsotomakechange,evenradicalchange,withoutviolence.

Hewentontosay:"Tosuggestthatwarcanpreventwarisabaseplayonwordsandadespicableformofwarmongering.Theobjectiveofanywhosincerelybelieveinpeaceclearlymustbetoexhausteveryhonorablerecourseintheefforttosavethepeace.Theworldhashadampleevidencethatwarbegetsonlyconditionsthatbegetfurtherwar."

Wemustrememberthattodaythereareatleasteightnuclearpowersonearth,andthreeofthemarethreateningtotheirneighborsinareasofgreatinternationaltension.Forpowerfulcountriestoadoptaprincipleofpreventivewarmaywellsetanexamplethatcanhavecatastrophicconsequences.

IfweacceptthepremisethattheUnitedNationsisthebestavenueforthemaintenanceofpeace,thenthecarefullyconsidereddecisionsoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilmustbeenforced.Alltoooften,thealternativehasproventobeuncontrollableviolenceandexpandingspheresofhostility.

Formorethanhalfacentury,followingthefoundingoftheStateofIsraelin1948,theMiddleEastconflicthasbeenasourceofworldwidetension.AtCampDavidin1978andinOsloin1993,Israelis,Egyptians,andPalestinianshaveendorsedtheonlyreasonableprescriptionforpeace:UnitedNationsResolution242.Itcondemnstheacquisitionofterritorybyforce,callsforwithdrawalofIsraelfromtheoccupiedterritories,andprovidesforIsraelistolivesecurelyandinharmonywiththeirneighbors.Thereisnoothermandatewhoseimplementationcouldmoreprofoundlyimproveinternationalrelationships.

PerhapsofmoreimmediateconcernisthenecessityforIraqtocomplyfullywiththeunanimousdecisionoftheSecurityCouncilthatiteliminateallweaponsofmassdestructionandpermitunimpededaccessbyinspectorstoconfirmthatthiscommitmenthasbeenhonored.Theworldinsiststhatthisbedone.

IthoughtoftenduringmyyearsintheWhiteHouseofanadmonitionthatwereceivedinoursmallschoolinPlains,Georgia,fromabelovedteacher,MissJuliaColeman.Sheoftensaid:"Wemustadjusttochangingtimesandstillholdtounchangingprinciples."

WhenIwasayoungboy,thissameteacheralsointroducedmetoLeoTolstoy''''snovel,"WarandPeace."Sheinterpretedthatpowerfulnarrativeasareminderthatthesimplehumanattributesofgoodnessandtruthcanovercomegreatpower.Shealsotaughtusthatanindividualisnotsweptalongonatideofinevitabilitybutcaninfluenceeventhegreatesthumanevents.

Thesepremiseshavebeenprovenbythelivesofmanyheroes,someofwhosenameswerelittleknownoutsidetheirownregionsuntiltheybecameNobellaureates:AlbertJohnLutuli,NormanBorlaug,DesmondTutu,ElieWiesel,AungSanSuuKyi,JodyWilliams,andevenAlbertSchweitzerandMotherTeresa.Alloftheseandothershaveproventhatevenwithoutgovernmentpower-andofteninoppositiontoit-individualscanenhancehumanrightsandwagepeace,activelyandeffectively.

TheNobelprizealsoprofoundlymagnifiedtheinspiringglobalinfluenceofMartinLutherKing,Jr.,thegreatestleaderthatmynativestatehaseverproduced.Onapersonalnote,itisunlikelythatmypoliticalcareerbeyondGeorgiawouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutthechangesbroughtaboutbythecivilrightsmovementintheAmericansouthandthroughoutournation.

OnthestepsofourmemorialtoAbrahamLincoln,Dr.Kingsaid:"IhaveadreamthatontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratatableofbrotherhood."

Thescourgeofracismhasnotbeenvanquished,eitherintheredhillsofourstateoraroundtheworld.Andyetweseeevermorefrequentmanifestationsofhisdreamofracialhealing.Inasymbolicbutverygenuineway,atleastinvolvingtwoGeorgians,itiscomingtrueinOslotoday.

Iamnothereasapublicofficial,butasacitizenofatroubledworldwhofindshopeinagrowingconsensusthatthegenerallyacceptedgoalsofsocietyarepeace,freedom,humanrights,environmentalquality,thealleviationofsuffering,andtheruleoflaw.

Duringthepastde世界秘書(shū)網(wǎng)版權(quán)所有cades,theinternationalcommunity,usuallyundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNations,hasstruggledtonegotiateglobalstandardsthatcanhelpusachievetheseessentialgoals.Theyinclude:theabolitionoflandminesandchemicalweapons;anendtothetesting,proliferation,andfurtherdeploymentofnuclearwarheads;constraintsonglobalwarming;prohibitionofthedeathpenalty,atleastforchildren;andaninternationalcriminalcourttodeterandtopunishwarcrimesandgenocide.Thoseagreementsalreadyadoptedmustbefullyimplemented,andothersshouldbepursuedaggressively.

Wemustalsostrivetocorrecttheinjusticeofeconomicsanctionsthatseektopenalizeabusiveleadersbutalltooofteninflictpunishmentonthosewhoarealreadysufferingfromtheabuse.

Theunchangingprinciplesoflifepredatemoderntimes.IworshipJesusChrist,whomweChristiansconsidertobethePrinceofPeace.AsaJew,hetaughtustocrossreligiousboundaries,inserviceandinlove.HerepeatedlyreachedoutandembracedRomanconquerors,otherGentiles,andeventhemoredespisedSamaritans.

Despitetheologicaldifferences,allgreatreligionssharecommoncommitmentsthatdefineouridealsecularrelationships.IamconvincedthatChristians,Muslims,Buddhists,Hindus,Jews,andotherscanembraceeachotherinacommonefforttoalleviatehumansufferingandtoespousepeace.

Butthepresenteraisachallenginganddisturbingtimeforthosewhoselivesareshapedbyreligiousfaithbasedonkindnesstowardeachother.Wehavebeenremindedthatcruelandinhumanactscanbederivedfromdistortedtheologicalbeliefs,assuicidebomberstakethelivesofinnocenthumanbeings,drapedfalselyinthecloakofGod''''swill.Withhorriblebrutality,neighborshavemassacredneighborsinEurope,Asia,andAfrica.

Inorderforushumanbeingstocommitourselvespersonallytotheinhumanityofwar,wefinditnecessaryfirsttodehumanizeouropponents,whichisinitselfaviolationofthebeliefsofallreligions.OncewecharacterizeouradversariesasbeyondthescopeofGod''''smercyandgrace,theirlivesloseallvalue.Wedenypersonalresponsibilitywhenweplantlandminesand,daysoryearslater,astrangertous-oftenachild-iscrippledorkilled.Fromagreatdistance,welaunchbombsormissileswithalmosttotalimpunity,andneverwanttoknowthenumberoridentityofthevictims.

AtthebeginningofthisnewmillenniumIwasaskedtodiscuss,hereinOslo,thegreatestchallengethattheworldfaces.Amongallthepossiblechoices,Idecidedthatthemostseriousanduniversalproblemisthegrowingchasmbetweentherichestandpoorestpeopleonearth.Citizensofthetenwealthiestcountriesarenowseventy-fivetimesricherthanthosewholiveinthetenpoorestones,andtheseparationisincreasingeveryyear,notonlybetweennationsbutalsowithinthem.Theresultsofthisdisparityarerootcausesofmostoftheworld''''sunresolvedproblems,includingstarvation,illiteracy,environmentaldegradation,violentconflict,andunnecessaryillnessesthatrangefromGuineawormtoHIV/AIDS.

MostworkofTheCarterCenterisinremotevillagesinthepoorestnationsofAfrica,andthereIhavewitnessedthecapacityofdestitutepeopletopersevereunderheartbreakingconditions.Ihavecometoadmiretheirjudgmentandwisdom,theircourageandfaith,andtheirawesomeaccomplishmentswhengivenachancetousetheirinnateabilities.

Buttragically,intheindustrializedworldthereisaterribleabsenceofunderstandingorconcernaboutthosewhoareenduringlivesofdespairandhopelessness.Wehavenotyetmadethecommitmenttosharewithothersanappreciablepartofourexcessivewealth.Thisisapotentiallyrewardingburdenthatweshouldallbewillingtoassume.

Ladiesandgentlemen:

Warmaysometimesbeanecessaryevil.Butnomatterhownecessary,itisalwaysanevil,neveragood.Wewillnotlearnhowtolivetogetherinpeacebykillingeachother''''schildren.

Thebondofourcommonhumanityisstrongerthanthedivisivenessofourfearsandprejudices.Godgivesusthecapacityforchoice.世界秘書(shū)網(wǎng)版權(quán)所有Wecanchoosetoalleviatesuffering.Wecanchoosetoworktogetherforpeace.Wecanmakethesechanges-andwemust.

Thankyou.